CPT 2

CPT-2 cockpit procedures trainer Two

=1. Discuss:=

Airspeed Indicator
The airspeed indidicator reads in knots on the outside scale and miles per hour on the inner scale.
 * 0-130 kts continuous operation (green range)
 * 130 kts max (red line)
 * 100 kts for autorotation (blue line)



Dual Tachometer
The dual tachometer indicates Power Turbine (Nf) and Rotor Speed (Nr) in percent RPM

Nf Nr 107.% Maximum (red line) 107-114% Transient - 5 second limit (two red lines)
 * 97% Minimum operation (red line)
 * 97-100% continuous operation (green range)
 * 100% Maximum operation red line
 * Nf Overspeeds are determined on a sliding scale depending on TOT, Nf percentage, and duration
 * 50.-60% Accelerate through this Range (yellow range
 * 90.% Minimum Operation (red line)
 * 90-107% Normal Operatioin (green range)



Engine Oil
The engine oil gauge indicates pressure on the left in pounds per square inch and temperature on the right in degrees celcius.

Pressure
 * 50 PSI Minimum (Red line)
 * 130 PSI Maximum (Red line)
 * 50 PSI Minumum below 79% Ng (yellow range)
 * 90 PSI minimum for 79-94 Ng (more yellow, NATOPS says it is green but look at the picture)
 * 115 PSI minimum above 94% Ng (Double wide green range)

Temperature
 * 0-107°C Continuous operation (green range)
 * 107°C Max (red line)



Fuel

 * Note that this gauge reads in gallons not pounds.
 * 76 gal max for old TH-57B 91 gallon max for the new TH-57B/C
 * 10 gallon minimum reserve
 * empty (red line)



Loadmeter and Fuel Pressure
Load
 * The loadmeter reads percent DC load.
 * 70 max (red line)
 * 50 max to turn on the ECS

Fuel Pressure
 * Note: This is boost pump pressure not main pump pressure.
 * <3.5 caution light illuminates
 * 4 PSI Minimum
 * 4 to 30PSI continuous operation



Ng Tachometer

 * Gas Producer
 * 59 to 65% Idle
 * 59.0 to 105% (green range)
 * 105% max continuous
 * 106% transient 15 seconds (red line)



Turbine Outlet Temperature

 * "Diamond Jay Gauge"
 * 100-738°C Continuous operation (green range)
 * 738-810°C Military power range - 5 minute limit (yellow range)
 * 810-843°C Trainsient power -6 second limit (red dot)
 * 810-927°C Max during start -10 second limit (red triangle)



Voltmeter

 * 25 volt minimum
 * 17 volt minimum during battery start
 * 28 volt normal



Transmission Oil Temp/Press
Pressure
 * 30-50psi Continuous operation (green range)
 * 30psi min (lower red line)
 * 70psi max (upper red line)

Temperature
 * 15-110°C continuous operation
 * 110°C max

DONT FORGET STARTER LIMITATIONS

B. Cold weather limitations

 * Engine Oil Pressure can temporarily be up to 150 psi after a cold-weather start.
 * Use APU below -15C(5F)

THIS IS COLD WEATHER OPS
 * Pilot must be more thorough in the preflight inspection when temperatures have been or are below 0°C (32°F).
 * Engine Servicing – Fuel and oil servicing should be accomplished immediately after engine shutdown to prevent condensation within the tanks because of temperature change. In extreme conditions, install covers after engine shutdown.
 * Preparation for Flight – All vent openings such as fuel vents, battery vents, transmission breather, heater exhaust / intake, and engine air intakes must be checked for ice. WARNING: Takeoff is prohibited with snow or ice on the helicopter due to potentially large differences in CG, as well as the introduction of ice into internal moving parts and electrical systems. Pay close attention to main and tail rotor systems and their exposed control linkages. *Ensure no chunks of ice or snow are close that could get sucked into the engine.
 * Preheating – Flight and engine controls may be difficult to move after the helicopter has been cold soaked. If the controls are not sufficiently free for a safe start and low power warm-up, have the affected controls thawed by heating.  It may also be advisable to apply preheating to other areas such as engines, transmissions, and main rotor hub, and cockpit.  NOTE: Extremely unequal temperature differences between the cockpit and OAT can cause canopy to crack, so open one door slightly when bringing out of a heated hangar.
 * APU should be used in cold weather conditions to prevent a hot start.
 * Avoid starting engines on glare ice to prevent movement of aircraft due to torque effect.
 * Battery starts below –15°C (-5°F) are marginal.
 * A sudden loss of oil pressure in cold weather, other than a drop caused by relief valve opening, is usually because of a broken oil line. Shut down and investigate for cause.
 * In-flight Icing - Intentional flight in any known icing condition (<4°C in visible moisture) is prohibited. If icing condition are encountered during flight, effort should be made to vacate the icing environment immediately
 * Because of the possibility of engine flameout, flight in falling or blowing snow is prohibited.
 * If icing condition become unavoidable turn on the pitot heat, windshield defogger, and the engine anti-ice system.

D. In-flight malfunctions

 * Always scan Nr first during any emergency.
 * Land as soon as Practicable – Extended flight is not recommended. The landing site and duration of flight is at the discretion of PIC.  (Land at the nearest aerodrome, passing an aerodrome is considered extending flight)
 * Land as soon as Possible – Land at the first site at which a safe landing can be made. (i.e. Farm field, parking lot etc.)
 * Land Immediately – Execute a landing without delay. The primary consideration is to assure the survival of the occupants.

Precautionary Emergency Landings- A landing when further flight is possible but inadvisable. Such landings will be governed by the following:
 * When an indication is received by the warning lights or instruments that continued flight would jeopardize the safety of the helo or crew
 * When control function is questionable or instruments that are essential for continued flight fail.
 * Any condition of uncertainty or distress.

Procedure when malfunction occurs:
 * 1. Correctly identify the emergency condition
 * 2. Report to the instructor this is a Land as Soon as Possible / Practical and your intended landing Site.
 * 3. Begin approach to nearest applicable site.
 * 4. Recite EP steps and remind Copilot to break out the PCL
 * 5. Remind Copilot of his responsibility to transmit Pan / Mayday report and complete the landing checklist

=2. Introduce=

A. Blindfold cockpit check
Ng Gauge; Nf/Nr Gauge; OAT Gauge; Torque Gauge; Engine Oil Press/Temp; TOT; Voltmeter; Transmission Oil Press/Temp; Fuel Valve; Hydraulics Switch; Generator Switch; Battery Switch; Starter Switch; Force Trim Button; Force Trim Switch; ICS/RADIO Trigger; Governor RPM Inc/Decr; Searchlight Switch; Landing Lights Switch; Clock; UHF- to GUARD; Transponder- to Emergency; Idle Release Button; Pitot Heat Switch; Wet Compass; Extinguisher. Ignition, Hydraulic, Front and Rear Boost Pump Circuit Breakers (Each is part of an EP Memory Item)

B. Abnormal starts
1. Starter Failure: (No Procedure in NATOPS)

Indications:
 * No rise in Ng
 * Starter not Audible

Procedures: Circuit Breaker	Checked IN
 * 1. Starter Switch 	Off
 * 2. GEN FIELD and Starter

2.Igniter Failure:

Indications:
 * TOT does not rise after twist grip rotated to flight Idle.
 * Ng does not rise beyond 20%.

Procedures:
 * 1. Twist Grip 	Closed
 * 2. Fuel Valve	As Required
 * 3.Starter	Secure (Off)
 * 4.Battery (Ng 0%)	Off

3.Hung Start:

Indications:
 * Ng rises slowly and stabilizes (below 50%,not in NATOPS)
 * TOT rises more slowly than normal

Procedures: (TOT Stabilized<400°C)	Off
 * 1. Twist Grip 	Closed
 * 2. Fuel Valve	As Required
 * 3.Starter
 * 4.Battery	Off

4. Hot Start:

Indications:
 * TOT exceeds limits.
 * TOT light illuminates

Procedures: (TOT Stabilized<400°C)	Off
 * 1. Twist Grip 	Closed
 * 2. Fuel Valve	Off (if closed twist grip doesn't lower TOT)
 * 3.Starter
 * 4.Battery	Off

C. Emergency engine shutdown
Procedure:
 * 1. Twist grip	Closed
 * 2. Fuel valve	Off
 * 3.BAT switch	Off
 * 4.(C) Standby attitude gyro --OFF
 * 5.(C)	Rotor brake	Engage
 * 6. Emerergency Egress

WARNING: After exiting a/c beware of rotor blades

D. Single Instrument Indications
GOUGE: "pressure means possible" Anytime you have fluctuating pressure, high pressure, or low pressure, you land as soon as possible (with the exception of loss of DC power to torque Diamond J gauge).

Engine or Transmission Oil Pressures

Procedure: On ground:
 * If transmission oil pressure is 50 to 70 psi or engine oil pressure is 130 to 150 psi, do not accelerate the engine above flight idle until the transmission and engine oil pressures are within normal operating limits.
 * The engine shall be shutdown if transmission oil pressure exceeds 70 psi or engine oil pressure exceeds 150 psi.

Airborne: If either pressure gauge does not indicate within normal range or fluctuates erratically, or transmission oil pressure is not within 30 to 70 psi:


 * 1. Land as soon as Possible
 * Warning: with suspected transmission malfunctions, the pilot should make an approach with minimum power change to minimize changes to transmission torque
 * Note: Make sure twist grip is full open. TRANS OIL PRESS light is common at flight idle or after power off maneuvers, but you should have a positive pressure.
 * Note: No detrimental effects with TRANS PRESS 50-70 psi w/ TRANS TEMP w/in limits, but should be put in a MAF.

If either oil temperature gauge indicator exceeds red line limitations:


 * 1. Land as soon as possible.

If either oil temperature gauge fluctuates or falls to zero:


 * 1. Land as soon as Practical.

Imminent Transmission failure (need at least two indications else do single gauge EP: Trans Chip, Trans Oil Press, Trans Oil Temp)


 * 1. Land Immediately

Warning: Do not autorotate, minimize power changes.


 * 2. Lock Harness

Tach / Gen malfunction and TOT System

Nr and Nf Tachometer Malfunction

If the tachometer indications fluctuate erratically or peg and all other instruments and lights are normal, land as soon as Practical, utilizing the remaining engine and performance instruments to monitor flight performance.

Ng Tachometer or Turbine Outlet Temperature System Malfunction

If Ng or TOT falls to zero or fails to rise and fall with corresponding power changes:


 * 1. Monitor other engine instruments.
 * 2. Avoid high power settings
 * 3.Land as soon as practicable.
 * Note: Failure of the Ng Tach Gen is usually accompanied by actuation of the engine out warning horn and caution light.

Overtorque / overtemp / overspeed

If any overtorque / overtemp / overspeed is observed land as soon as Possible. The only exception to this rule is when you exceed the transient time limit for torque that you land as soon as practical per NATOPS 12-3 (i.e. pulled 107% torque for 8 seconds = land as soon as practical).

Torque malfunction

Procedure:If the torquemeter is unusually low or falls to zero (digital and analog), it is probable that the torque line has ruptured. Loss of engine oil will be kept to a minimum by restrictor fitting in the system. (GOUGE: if there are severe torque gauge fluctuations, land as soon as possible. This could also mean a leak in the line. Think what happens when your arm falls off... stuff squirts, stops, squirts, stops.  A leak in the line could do the same thing)


 * 1. Monitor engine instruments.
 * 2. Land as soon as possible.

The digital torquemeter incorporates a transducer between the wet line and gauge. If the indicator falls to zero and the digital readout is extinguished, the cause is a loss of electrical power to the indicator.


 * 1. Monitor engine instruments
 * 2. Check TRQ circuit breaker 	In
 * 3.Land as soon as Practicable
 * Note: Some minor TQ fluctuation is normal and should not be a cause for concern

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Post shutdown fire / internal

Indications:
 * TOT rises above 400o.
 * Flames or smoke coming from engine.

Procedures: Smoke and fume elimination
 * 1. Starter	Engage
 * 2. Fuel valve	Off
 * 3.Igniter circuit breaker	Pull
 * 4.Starter	Secure After Fire is Extinguished

Indications:
 * Fumes in cockpit
 * Smoke in cockpit
 * Equipment failure.

Procedures:
 * 1. ECS and DEFOG blower 	Off
 * 2. Vents / Windows 	Open
 * 3.Slip or skid aircraft to eliminate smoke and fumes.
 * 4.Land as soon as Possible.

Suspected fuel leakage

Indications:
 * 1. Unusual fuel usage
 * 2. Fuel fumes in cockpit

Procedures:
 * 1.Land as soon as Possible

Time Permitting:
 * 2. Transmit position and intentions.
 * 3. Unnecessary electrical equipment	Secure

WARNING: If an air leak exists between the boost pumps and engine, turning off all electrical power could cause an engine flameout due to a total loss of boost pump pressure.

When on deck:


 * 4.Shutdown	Completed.
 * 5. Helicopter	Exit

Engine Overspeed (Nf) Rotor RPM (Nr)

Indications
 * Nr, Nf, Ng, TOT, Engine Noise, increase
 * Right Yaw

Procedures:
 * 1. Collective- Adjust as required to maintain Nr in operating range
 * 2. Twist Grip- Reduce( to maintain Nf in operating range)
 * Note: The Nf overspeed must be controlled by continually coordinating collective and twist grip.
 * 3. Collective/ Twist Grip- Readjust
 * Land as soon as possible

=3. Practice=

A. All FAM stage checklists and voice reports

B. Normal starting / shutdown procedures

C. Anti-ice operation

NOTES: Make sure you practice checklist out of NATOPS Know Caution Light Info 12-2,3,4