Fam 8 Discuss Items

=Fuel System=

Fuel Cell
The fuel system (Figure 2-9) has a single bladder-type fuel cell located below and aft of the passenger seats. The fuel cell is gravity or pressure filled from the right side of the fuselage. The fuel cell typically has a capacity of 91 gallons except in BUNO 161xxx models which have a 76 gallon capacity. Standard fuel is JP-5 or JP-8 (JP-4 is no longer widely available worldwide (NATOPS 3-6)). Commercial alternatives are Jet A and Jet A-1. Two electrically operated fuel boost pumps are located in the bottom of the fuel cell. The pumps are interconnected and furnish fuel through a single supply line to the engine-driven fuel pump. The boost pumps are equipped with a check valve, a pump drain port, a seal drain port, an intake screen, and a pump operating a pressure switch located in the pump discharge port. The pumps are controlled by two circuit breakers marked FUEL BOOST FWD and FUEL BOOST AFT located on the overhead console (Figure 2-10).

Caution: While pressure refueling, fuel pressure should not exceed 40 psi. Fuel can be forced through the vent system causing a fuel spill.

Two float-type fuel level transmitting units are installed in the fuel cell. The lower unit is mounted in the bottom of the cell and measures fuel level up to the horizontal surface of the cell under the passenger seats. The upper unit is mounted on the top of the cell and measures the fuel level in the upper section of the fuel cell behind the passenger seats. Both transmitting units are connected to a common fuel quantity indicator. Unusable fuel in the aircraft is 1.03 gallons as indicated by “E” on the Fuel Quantity Indicator. The fuel filter assembly and single- or dual-element engine-driven fuel pump, which operates at 650 psi minimum and 750 psi maximum, are integral units mounted on the aft left end of the engine. Fuel enters the engine fuel system at the inlet port of the pump and passes through the filter before entering the gear elements of the pump. An electrically operated shutoff valve is installed in the main fuel supply line and is controlled by an ON-OFF switch located on the instrument panel (Figures 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5). In the event of electrical failure, the valve will remain in the position selected before failure.

Fuel Quantity Indicator
The fuel quantity indicator located on the instrument panel (Figures 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5) is calibrated in gallons. This unit operates from two float-type elements located in the upper and lower portions of the fuel cell and is protected by the FUEL/QTY/PRESS circuit breaker.

Fuel Pressure Indicator
The fuel pressure indicator located in the instrument panel (Figures 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5) provides fuel pressure readings as delivered from the tank-mounted fuel boost pumps to the engine-driven fuel pump. The indicator is connected to a pressure transmitter and protected by the FUEL/QTY/PRESS circuit breaker.

Note: On aircraft equipped with a solid-state fuel pressure transducer, keying the VHF radio may cause a fluctuation in fuel pressure indications. This fluctuation is only in indicated fuel pressure and is caused by RT interference because of the position of the VHF antenna.

2.8.4 Fuel Pump Caution Light. The FUEL PUMP caution light is located on the caution panel and illuminates if pressure from either boost pump falls below 3.5 psi. The caution light is protected by the CAUTION LT circuit breaker.

=Fuel Boost Pump Failure= Failure of one or both fuel boost pumps will be evidenced by illumination of the FUEL PUMP caution light. If one pump has failed, indicated fuel pressure will be normal (4 to 30 psi). The failed pump can be identified by alternately pulling the FUEL BOOST FWD and FUEL BOOST AFT circuit breakers and observing any resulting change in indicated fuel pressure. If both pumps have failed, indicated fuel pressure will be zero. The engine will operate with only one operable boost pump under all conditions of power and altitude. With a dual boost pump failure, however, the engine-driven fuel pump is only capable of supplying fuel to the engine at altitudes below 6,000 feet PA. Warning: With one or both boost pumps inoperative, minimum fuel is 20 gallons. A level-flight attitude should be maintained to prevent engine flameout that could be caused by the operating submersible pump being uncovered and allowing air to be drawn into the fuel lines or by both boost pumps being inoperative and allowing air to be drawn into the engine-driven fuel pump.

INDICATIONS: *FUEL PUMP caution light *Indicated fuel pressure of zero (dual-pump failure). PROCEDURES: 1. Descent — Initiate if Above 6,000 Feet PA and Flight Permits. 2. Fuel pressure and quantity — Note. WARNING With one or both boost pumps inoperative, minimum fuel is 20 gallons; 10 gallons is unusable.

If both fuel boost pumps have failed (fuel press at 0):

WARNING Be prepared for complete power loss. 3. Land as soon as possible. If only one boost pump has failed (fuel press 4-30psi): 4. Land as soon as practical WARNING If an air leak exists in the fuel lines between the boost pumps and engine, a total loss of boost pump pressure could cause an engine flameout.

-Some instructors might add that you might not want to pull the circuit breakers until you have a field made (for one boost pump operational), and NATOPS no longer requires pulling the breakers at all (do you care which boost pump failed?). One stan. ip gives an immediate engine failure when he pulls the first circuit breaker (be prepared for complete power loss right?). But this is of course not in the EP itself, just a thought.

=Airframe Fuel Filter= A fuel filter is mounted to the aft side of the forward firewall on the right side of the engine compartment to filter inlet fuel to the engine. The filter assembly consists of a replaceable filter element, a drain valve, a bypass valve, impending bypass switch, and manual test button. Indication of impending bypass lights the AF FUEL FILTER segment on the caution panel.

=Fuel Contamination= The airframe fuel filter is automatically bypassed by the bypass valve if contaminated fuel clogs it. Contaminated fuel will then travel to the engine driven pump and filter which may bypass as well. If this occurs contaminated fuel will be introduced to the fuel nozzle and combustion chamber. The fuel nozzle has a small opening and may be become completely or partially clogged causing a flame-out or loss of power respectively. (i.e. Bad Day)

=Fuel Control Failure= INDICATIONS: PROCEDURES: *1. Collective—Adjust (to maintain Nr in operating range). *2. Twist grip — Adjust (to maintain Nf/Ng in operating range). *3. Land as soon as possible.
 * Erratic Nf
 * Fluctuating Ng and/or TOT.

WARNING: Be prepared for complete power loss.

=Suspected Fuel Leakage= INDICATIONS:
 * Unusual fuel usage
 * Fuel fumes in cockpit.

PROCEDURES: *1. Land as soon as possible. If time and altitude permit: *2. Transmit position and intentions. *3. Unnecessary electrical equipment — Secure. WARNING: If an air leak exists in the fuel lines between the boost pumps and engine, turning off all electrical power could cause an engine flameout due to a total loss of boost pump pressure. When on deck: 4. Shutdown — Completed. 5. Helicopter — Exit.

=Engine Fire in Flight= Gouge: Instructors will usually give this in the channel by stating "Simulated" and then pressing the fire det test button. You should recite the procedure and simultaneously turn and descend to the nearest available field. Do not delay your decent; the system has a low false positive rate and getting safely and quickly headed for the deck is what your instructor is looking for.

INDICATIONS:
 * FIRE light
 * Smoke
 * Flames

WARNING: Be prepared for complete loss of power.

PROCEDURES: *1. Confirm existence of fire. If fire exists: *2. Land immediately. *3. Emergency shutdown — Complete after landing. If fire not confirmed: *4. Land as soon as possible.

=Engine Overspeed (Nf)= If any overtorque exceeding 110 percent, overspeed, or overtemp is observed, land as soon as possible. INDICATIONS: PROCEDURES: *1. Collective — Adjust as required to maintain Nr in operation range. *2. Twist grip—Reduce (to maintain Nf in operating range). Note: The Nf overspeed must be controlled by continually coordinating collective and twist grip. *3. Collective/twist grip — Readjust. *4. Land as soon as possible.
 * Nr increase
 * Nf increase
 * Ng increase
 * TOT increase
 * Right yaw
 * Engine noise increase.

=Rotor RPM (Nr)= Overspeed see above. Underspeed see below.

=Underspeeding Nf/Nr= If Nr can be maintained at 90 percent or higher in level flight, it is safe to proceed to a suitable landing site.

INDICATIONS:
 * Low Nr
 * Low Nf.

PROCEDURES: *1. Collective — Adjust as required to maintain Nr in operating range. *2. Twist Grip — Full Open. *3. GOV RPM — Full Increase. *4. Check power available with Nr in limits.

Note: Power available is considered to be sufficient if level flight can be maintained with Nr at 90 percent or higher. Do not decelerate below 50 KIAS (minimum power airspeed) while executing a power check.

If power is not sufficient: *5. Autorotate.

Note: If some usable power exists but level flight cannot be maintained, that power, if sufficient, may be utilized to effect a landing or minimize rate of descent en route to a more suitable site for autorotation. Terrain permitting, a sliding landing provides the lowest power available.

If sufficient power is available: *6. Land as soon as possible.

=CRM - Leadership= Marine Corps Leadership Traits
 * The 14 leadership traits are qualities of thought and action which, if demonstrated in daily activities, help Marines earn the respect, confidence, and loyal cooperation of other Marines. It is extremely important that you understand the meaning of each leadership trait and how to develop it, so you know what goals to set as you work to become a good leader and a good follower.

JUSTICE
 * Definition: Justice is defined as the practice of being fair and consistent. A just person gives consideration to each side of a situation and bases rewards or punishments on merit.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Be honest with yourself about why you make a particular decision. Avoid favoritism. Try to be fair at all times and treat all things and people in an equal manner.

JUDGMENT
 * Definition: Judgment is your ability to think about things clearly, calmly, and in an orderly fashion so that you can make good decisions.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: You can improve your judgment if you avoid making rash decisions. Approach problems with a common sense attitude.

DEPENDABILITY
 * Definition: Dependability means that you can be relied upon to perform your duties properly. It means that you can be trusted to complete a job. It is the willing and voluntary support of the policies and orders of the chain of command. Dependability also means consistently putting forth your best effort in an attempt to achieve the highest standards of performance.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: You can increase your dependability by forming the habit of being where you're supposed to be on time, by not making excuses and by carrying out every task to the best of your ability regardless of whether you like it or agree with it.

INITIATIVE
 * Definition: Initiative is taking action even though you haven't been given orders. It means meeting new and unexpected situations with prompt action. It includes using resourcefulness to get something done without the normal material or methods being available to you.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: To improve your initiative, work on staying mentally and physically alert. Be aware of things that need to be done and then to do them without having to be told.

DECISIVENESS
 * Definition: Decisiveness means that you are able to make good decisions without delay. Get all the facts and weight them against each other. By acting calmly and quickly, you should arrive at a sound decision. You announce your decisions in a clear, firm, professional manner.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Practice being positive in your actions instead of acting half-heartedly or changing your mind on an issue.

TACT
 * Definition: Tact means that you can deal with people in a manner that will maintain good relations and avoid problems. It means that you are polite, calm, and firm.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Begin to develop your tact by trying to be courteous and cheerful at all times. Treat others as you would like to be treated.

INTEGRITY
 * Definition: Integrity means that you are honest and truthful in what you say or do. You put honesty, sense of duty, and sound moral principles above all else.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Be absolutely honest and truthful at all times. Stand up for what you believe to be right.

ENTHUSIASM
 * Definition: Enthusiasm is defined as a sincere interest and exuberance in the performance of your duties. If you are enthusiastic, you are optimistic, cheerful, and willing to accept the challenges.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Understanding and belief in your mission will add to your enthusiasm for your job. Try to understand why even uninteresting jobs must be done.

BEARING
 * Definition: Bearing is the way you conduct and carry yourself. Your manner should reflect alertness, competence, confidence, and control.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: To develop bearing, you should hold yourself to the highest standards of personal conduct. Never be content with meeting only the minimum requirements.

UNSELFISHNESS
 * Definition: Unselfishness means that you avoid making yourself comfortable at the expense of others. Be considerate of others. Give credit to those who deserve it.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Avoid using your position or rank for personal gain, safety, or pleasure at the expensive of others. Be considerate of others.

COURAGE
 * Definition: Courage is what allows you to remain calm while recognizing fear. Moral courage means having the inner strength to stand up for what is right and to accept blame when something is your fault. Physical courage means that you can continue to function effectively when there is physical danger present.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: You can begin to control fear by practicing self-discipline and calmness. If you fear doing certain things required in your daily life, force yourself to do them until you can control your reaction.

KNOWLEDGE
 * Definition: Knowledge is the understanding of a science or art. Knowledge means that you have acquired information and that you understand people. Your knowledge should be broad, and in addition to knowing your job, you should know your unit's policies and keep up with current events.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Suggestions for Improvement: Increase your knowledge by remaining alert. Listen, observe, and find out about things you don't understand. Study field manuals and other military literature.

LOYALTY
 * Definition: Loyalty means that you are devoted to your country, the Corps, and to your seniors, peers, and subordinates. The motto of our Corps is Semper Fidelis!, (Always Faithful). You owe unwavering loyalty up and down the chain of command, to seniors, subordinates, and peers.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: To improve your loyalty you should show your loyalty by never discussing the problems of the Marine Corps or your unit with outsiders. Never talk about seniors unfavorably in front of your subordinates. Once a decision is made and the order is given to execute it, carry out that order willingly as if it were your own.

ENDURANCE
 * Definition: Endurance is the mental and physical stamina that is measured by your ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress, and hardship. For example, enduring pain during a conditioning march in order to improve stamina is crucial in the development of leadership.
 * Suggestions for Improvement: Develop your endurance by engaging in physical training that will strengthen your body. Finish every task to the best of your ability by forcing yourself to continue when you are physically tired and your mind is sluggish.

Because it is important to always be able to remember the basic leadership traits, the acronym "J.J. DID TIE BUCKLE" is used. Each letter in the acronym corresponds to the first letter of one of the traits. By remembering the acronym, you will be better able to recall the traits.

Remember the Leadership Principles:

1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement.

2. Be technically and tactically proficient.

3. Develop a sense of responsibility among your subordinates.

4. Make sound and timely decisions.

5. Set the example.

6. Know your Marines and look out for their welfare. (who the hell wrote Soldiers instead of Marines... come on now...)

7. Keep your Marines informed.

8. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.

9. Ensure assigned tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.

10. Train your Marines as a team.

11. Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities.