I3204

=GPS procedures= The procedures in this section are from the KLN 900 manual, COPYRIGHT 1999 BY HONEYWELL INC.

You can download a PDF of the GPS Owner's Manual.

[[media:GPS gouge.pdf|These GPS procedures are copied directly from the instructors RI notebook that they have at the brief!]]

=Flight plans= Review Primary FTI

You will likely fly several of the GPS approaches at KPNS. Expect to begin executing missed approach procedures and then be cleared direct to the IAF of the next approach. It is recommended that once you get the missed approach under control and are cleared direct, you pass controls to the copilot and let him finish the climb and fly direct to, while you load up the new approach and give the brief (and figure out how you're going to execute the PT, if you haven't done so already). There should be plenty of time to get everything done, but if somehow you get to the IAF before you're done with the brief, do not be afraid to have the copilot fly the PT for the course reversal--just tell him what to turn to.

Do not forget to switch to OBS mode when you go missed approach! The copilot can do this while the pilot is executing the other steps.

Do not select the wrong MDA's. You use the LNAV MDA, not the LNAV/VNAV DA. Also ensure you use Circling mins when appropriate.

As long as you know how to load up a new approach, this should be a very easy (and boring) hop.

=Enroute procedures= Review Primary FTI

=Approach (OBS/Leg, Arm/Active)=

1. Select and load the approach into the flight plan.

This can be done at almost any time but must be completed before reaching the Final Approach Fix and should be done as soon as possible. If the aircraft's position is more than 30 NM from the airport, then the CDI scale factor will reamin at the default +/- 5 NM full-scale deflection.

2. Transition to the approach arm mode.

This will occur automatically when the aircraft is within 30 NM of the airport and there is an approach loaded in to the flight plan. The CDI scale factor will gradually change to +/- 1.0 NM over the next 30 seconds and the external annuciator and the KLN 900's status line will indicate ARM.

3. Get established on the final approach course.
 * NoPT (No Procedure Turn) arrival route
 * Radar Vectors (requires OBS mode)
 * Procedure Turn or holding pattern (requires OBS mode)
 * DME arc

4. Transition to the approach active mode.

This mode change is automatic and occurs when:
 * the aircraft is 2 NM from the FAF and the approach mode is armed
 * the LEG mode is selected
 * the aircraft is heading towards the FAF
 * the FAF or a co-located IAF/FAF is the active waypoint
 * the KLN 900 confirms that adequate integrity monitoring is availabe to complete the approach.
 * RAIM is available at FAF & MAP

If any of these conditions are not met, the KLN 900 will not transition to the approach active mode and a missed approach will be required if the conditions do not change before reaching the FAF. If all of these conditions are met then the CDI scale factor will start to change to +/-0.3 NM, the external annuciator will indicate ACTV, and the KLN 900's status will display APR.

5. At the FAF the CDI scale factor will be at +/-0.3 NM and will remain at this scale factor until you manually cancel the approach mode by either pressing the external GPS APR button to change to the ARM mode, by initiating a direct-to operation or by changing to OBS mode.

6. Fly to the Missed Approach Point. The KLN 900 will NOT automatically sequence to the next waypoint. You must manually change to the appropriate waypoint according to the situation. By default, the KLN 900 will nominate the first waypoint of the published missed appraoch procedure when the direct-to button is pressed, and the active waypoint is the MAP and you have flown past the MAP.

7. If necessary conduct the missed approach procedure.  Remember to always refer to the paper chart when conducting a missed approach. The OBS mode is usually needed at some point during a missed approached and is always required to fly the holding pattern.

=Overlay Approach= A non-precision approach (excluding localizer (LOC), localizer direction aid (LDA) and simplified directional facility (SDF)) that has had GPS waypoints 'laid-over' the fixes. Only those approaches included in the receiver database are authorized (i.e. you can't overlay your own points over a non-mapped approach). GPS 'T' approaches are completely new approaches.

Note that for approaches labeled "RNAV (GPS) RWY XX" the correct radio call is simply "...RNAV RWY XX." You don't actually say the GPS part unless it's an overlay, eg., "VOR or GPS RWY XX" would be requested as "...GPS RWY XX."

=Missed Approach= from above:

6. Fly to the Missed Approach Point. The KLN 900 will NOT automatically sequence to the next waypoint. You must manually change to the appropriate waypoint according to the situation. By default, the KLN 900 will nominate the first waypoint of the published missed appraoch procedure when the direct-to button is pressed, and the active waypoint is the MAP and you have flown past the MAP.

7. If necessary conduct the missed approach procedure. Remember to always refer to the paper chart when conducting a missed approach. The OBS mode is usually needed at some point during a missed approached and is always required to fly the holding pattern.

=How To Fly A GPS Approach=

OLDR OTO (older Auto)

O BS - Off

L oad App - APT 8

D irect - To IAF / FAF

R AIM - STA 5

O BS - As Required

T wist - Course/Track

O BS - Off >2NM Prior to IAF / FAF Inbound

One of the easiest ways to set in a new approach after you've gone missed approach is to cycle the left side back to FPL 0, hit CRSR, use the outer knob to scroll back up to where it says APPROACH, and it will change to read CHANGE APR? Press ENT and it will automatically bring up the APT 8 page on the right. Use the right knob to select what approach you want, hit ENT, use the right knob to select the appropriate IAF, hit ENT repeatedly until it dumps you back to SuperNav 5. Then pull out the right knob, twist to select the IAF, and hit D-> and then ENT. You have now loaded in the new approach and are set direct-to the IAF. Turn to the head of the green needle, center the HSI on that course, and away you go. It's a lot of steps, but it's actually quite easy. Practice once or twice on the GPS units in the CAI lab if you aren't confident (lookin' at you, T-6B guys).

On SuperNav 5, occasionally the GPS will have a DTK (desired track) that is slightly different from what heading you expect. This is probably because you've drifted a bit--the GPS knows what it's doing, and as long as you are prior to the FAF it is recommended that you twist in the DTK rather than whatever you had twisted in previously.